Here is an article on a study that was done on the randomness of dice, https://www.insidescience.org/news/dice … ely-random. The study was made by Dr. Marvin Kapitaniak, University of Aberdeen, and associates. They filmed dice action on various cloth surfaces at 1500 FPS. The url above is a summary of the study.

From the study, several determinations were made, coinciding with GTC determinations.

1) The single most significant factor (not to be confused with being the determining factor) on the outcome is the starting position of the dice, which we refer to as the dice set.

2) The higher number of bounces, the higher likelihood of an appearance of randomness.

3) The greater the friction of the layout material, the greater the number of bounces for the same throw.

4) Air friction can be disregarded.

5) A single bounce does not usually change the outcome.

The study did not mention the effect of backspin, but we know that the backspin reduces the number of bounces – ideally just 2 bounces, 1 on the table and 1 off the back wall.

In short, the better we are able to use the same dice set, grip, throw, backspin, and landing zone, the more we are affecting the outcome of the dice.

The full study is here, http://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4746038. You will need a paid membership to get the full study.

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